A thyroglossal cyst is a congenital (present from birth) neck mass or lump that forms during the development of the thyroid gland in the early stages of fetal life. The thyroid gland initially develops at the base of the tongue and then descends down the neck to its normal position in the front of the neck. The thyroglossal duct, a narrow tube-like structure, normally disappears as the thyroid gland descends. However, if the duct fails to close completely, it can lead to the formation of a cyst.

Here are some key points about thyroglossal cysts:

Location: Thyroglossal cysts typically appear in the midline of the neck, just above the hyoid bone (a horseshoe-shaped bone in the neck). They can move up and down when the person swallows or protrudes their tongue.

Symptoms: A thyroglossal cyst may present as a painless lump or swelling in the neck. It is usually soft and smooth to the touch. If the cyst becomes infected, it may cause pain, redness, and tenderness in the affected area.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is usually based on the clinical presentation and examination of the neck. Imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans may be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of the cyst.

Treatment: The primary treatment for a thyroglossal cyst is surgical removal. This procedure is called a "Sistrunk operation," which involves removing the cyst, the central portion of the hyoid bone, and the tract leading to the base of the tongue. Removing the tract is crucial to prevent recurrence.

Complications: If left untreated, thyroglossal cysts can become infected, leading to the formation of an abscess. Recurrence can occur if the entire tract is not removed during surgery.

Thyroglossal cysts are relatively uncommon but are one of the most common congenital neck masses. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional if you notice a lump or swelling in the neck, especially if it changes in size or becomes painful. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention typically lead to a good prognosis.